An electrical transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Transformers are used to increase (step-up) or decrease (step-down) voltage levels in power systems, making them essential for efficient power distribution and transmission. Key Components of a Transformer: 1. Core: Made of ferromagnetic material, the core provides a path for the magnetic flux and helps in efficient energy transfer between the primary and secondary windings. 2. Windings: - Primary Winding: The coil connected to the input voltage source. It creates a magnetic field when current flows through it. - Secondary Winding: The coil connected to the output load. It receives energy from the magnetic field created by the primary winding. 3. Insulation: Insulating materials are used to separate the windings and prevent short circuits. 4. Tank: In larger transformers, a tank filled with insulating oil helps cool the transformer and provides insulation. Working Principle: The transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it generates a magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. The relationship between the primary and secondary voltages and the number of turns in the windings is given by the transformer equation: \[ \frac{V_p}{V_s} = \frac{N_p}{N_s} \] Where: - \( V_p \) = Primary voltage - \( V_s \) = Secondary voltage - \( N_p \) = Number of turns in the primary winding - \( N_s \) = Number of turns in the secondary winding Types of Transformers: 1.

Step-Up Transformer: Increases voltage from primary to secondary (more turns in the secondary winding). 2. Step-Down Transformer: Decreases voltage from primary to secondary (more turns in the primary winding). 3. Isolation Transformer: Provides electrical isolation between circuits while maintaining the same voltage level. 4. Auto Transformer: Has a single winding that acts as both the primary and secondary, allowing for variable voltage transformation. 5. Three-Phase Transformer: Used in three-phase power systems, can be constructed as a single unit or as three single-phase transformers. Applications: - Power Distribution: Transformers are crucial in electrical grids for stepping up voltage for transmission and stepping down voltage for distribution to homes and businesses. - Electronics: Used in power supplies to convert voltage levels for various electronic devices. - Industrial Applications: Provide the necessary voltage levels for machinery and equipment. Advantages: - Efficient energy transfer with minimal losses. - Ability to change voltage levels to suit different applications. - Electrical isolation between circuits for safety. Disadvantages: - Limited to AC applications (not suitable for DC). - Can be bulky and heavy, especially for high power ratings. - Requires maintenance and monitoring to ensure safe operation. Transformers play a vital role in modern electrical systems, enabling the efficient transmission and distribution of electrical energy across vast distances.